Geopolitics is now measured in nanometers. At customs checkpoints, governments are no longer searching only for weapons or military components. Increasingly, they are trying…
Economic analysis usually deals with two familiar states: growth or recession. Iran’s current condition, however, fits neither category. What is increasingly observable is…
Recent unrest in Iran triggered by sharp and repeated currency swings is a reminder that economic instability rarely exists in isolation. Exchange rate volatility may have…
Iran’s proposed budget for fiscal year 1405 ((March 2026–March 2027) marks a notable departure from the expansionary and inflation-prone frameworks that have long…
More than four years have passed since Iran and China signed their 25-year Comprehensive Cooperation Program in early 2021—an agreement whose roots go back to the JCPOA (2015…
As winter approaches in Iran, the country finds itself confronting a familiar and increasingly urgent dilemma: soaring household demand for natural gas and a supply system…
Iran faces one of its most pressing environmental challenges: a rapid decline in water resources. Decades of overuse, insufficient planning, and unsustainable water…