Vulnerabilities in Emerging Economies

Just before the collapse of the US investment bank Lehman Brothers in 2008 triggered a financial crisis that would engulf the world economy, the Commission on Growth and Development published an assessment of emerging economy growth strategies, aimed at drawing lessons from previous research and experience. Over a decade later, many—if not most—of those lessons remain unheeded.

In emerging economies, sustained medium or high GDP growth is the key to advancing development and raising incomes. Of course, crises inevitably produce major setbacks with long recovery periods, drastically reducing growth in income and wealth. But 10 years is a long time, and the gap between what experience dictates emerging economies should do and what they have been doing remains large, Seeking Alpha reported.

While some countries have achieved sustained medium or high growth, they have relied on high levels of public and private investment, financed mainly by domestic savings. By contrast, running persistently large current account deficits creates vulnerabilities and often leads to disruptions as external financial conditions change.

Borrowing in foreign hard currencies is particularly risky, as depreciation of the local currency can cause liabilities to surge. Emerging economies thus should be working to constrain debt levels, though the extent to which this is needed depends on growth, as strong and resilient increases in GDP reduce leverage ratios.

The value of the currency is also relevant. Persistent undervaluation, achieved through the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves, reduces the incentive to pursue structural reform and achieve productivity growth. This is one element of the well-known middle income trap. Moreover, the return on foreign reserve assets is usually quite low, because the local currency will appreciate (even if it remains undervalued) if the economy is growing—a pattern that can be sustained for an extended period.

 Imbalances Involved

The risks associated with an overvalued currency are more severe. For starters, growth and employment in the tradable sector is adversely affected, essentially because the terms of trade are mismatched with the economy’s productivity levels.

Furthermore, an overvalued currency will usually be accompanied by a current account deficit and excessive reliance on foreign capital to finance investment. If external financial conditions are favorable, this pattern can be sustained for some time. But, as recent experience has shown, a change in such conditions can force countries either to allow currency depreciation or to delay it by purchasing large amounts of local currency using the central bank’s foreign currency reserves.

In any case, markets eventually force an often-sharp depreciation of the currency. As a result, credit is tightened, balance sheets deteriorate (especially if companies or banks have borrowed in a foreign currency), investment contracts and growth takes another hit.

These imbalances develop as a result of a hands-off approach to capital account management, based on the assumption that capital market incentives and growth strategies are always aligned. In fact, it is hard to find any example of a country that has achieved sustained growth with such an approach. To be sure, capital markets are not the enemy. But the alignment of interests between external investors and domestic policymakers is imperfect, at best.

 Financial Investors

Sophisticated investors routinely maintain that economic growth is not determinative of investment returns. It is valid point. Returns on an investment depend on the valuation of financial assets, among other factors. Only in a simplified theoretical model would these valuations be determined solely by growth in the expected underlying cash flows.

One might argue that while valuations and the underlying growth dynamics can diverge in the short and medium run, they eventually converge. Whether or not that is true—and it may well be—most financial investors don’t care about the long run, and their agents usually do not get rewarded for long-run performance.

Financial investors understand that adequate returns may persist for a while, but that imbalances and risks may necessitate a hasty exit at any moment. As the emerging market economist Robert Subbaraman puts it in the title of a recent report: “Enjoy the Party, but Stay Close to the Door.”

While this is rational for investors, it does not support policymakers’ interest in sustained growth. That is why successful capital account management must focus on promoting stability, controlling risks, and aligning capital market flows with economic growth and employment objectives.