Creeping Protectionism a Major Source of Concern

Prospects for growth in global trade in 2016 and 2017 have been downgraded again. The World Trade Organization now expects that trade this year will increase at its slowest pace since the post-2008 global recession.

This is not purely a function of an anemic global economic recovery. After all, trade growth has typically outpaced GDP growth; in the years before the 2008 global financial crisis, the average increase was double that of output. But the ratio of trade growth to GDP growth has been falling since 2012, a trend that will culminate this year, with GDP outpacing trade for the first time in 15 years, Yonhap reported.

This reversal is driven partly by structural factors, including a plateau in the expansion of global value chains and a turning point in the process of structural transformation in China and other growth frontiers. The rising share of services in countries’ GDP likely implies further downward pressure on trade flows, given services’ lower trade propensity relative to manufactured goods.

But not all of the forces undermining trade are so long term. Crisis-related, temporary and potentially reversible factors have also had an impact. For example, the hardship faced since 2008 by many eurozone countries has discouraged consumption, hiring and much more. The weak recovery of fixed investment in advanced economies has also undermined trade, because investment goods involve more cross-border exchange than consumer goods do.

Political Backlash

Perhaps most risky, however, is the growing political backlash against free trade, reflected in a lack of progress in recent rounds of trade liberalization and the implementation of protectionist non-tariff trade barriers. Though such creeping protectionism has not yet had a significant quantitative impact on trade, its emergence has become a major source of concern amid rising anti-globalization sentiment in advanced economies.

Today’s trade bashing is what happens when economic concerns—including stagnating median incomes and, in some countries, high unemployment rates—turn political. Viewing economic dissatisfaction as an opportunity to win support, some shrewd politicians have been pointing their finger at the nebulous, threatening forces of “globalization”. Immigration and trade, they claim, are the cause of citizens’ economic insecurity.

US Liberalization Is Out?

Exhibit A is the presidential campaign in the United States, which has placed more emphasis on trade than any such campaign in the country’s recent history. In a difficult political environment, both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are proposing trade policies that depart from America’s long tradition of liberalization—with potentially dire implications.

Clinton now opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which is now awaiting ratification by the US Congress. She has also opposed conceding “market-economy status” to China, because it would make it harder to bring anti-dumping cases against the country. And she has advocated imposing countervailing duties on goods from countries that qualify as exchange rate manipulators.

Trump, who has been among those leading the protectionist charge, takes these ideas much further. He also opposes the TPP and supports countervailing duties for currency manipulators. He has been particularly disparaging of Mexico and China, and is already calling for punitive US tariffs on both. Moreover, he promises to renegotiate and perhaps even abrogate existing trade deals, alluding to the possibility of a US withdrawal from the WTO.

Clinton’s proposed measures would cause the US to lose out on some gains from trade, with consequences for the world economy. But the damage hardly compares to that which would be wrought by Trump’s proposals. After all, protectionist measures by the US would almost certainly spark reciprocal actions by its trade partners, potentially even spurring a trade war that compounds the economic pain for all.

As the Peterson Institute of International Economics highlighted last month, the negative impact would be felt most strongly by low-skill, low-income workers—precisely the people who are most convinced that less trade is a good thing.

Worryingly, the report also shows that the US president has substantial leeway to adopt trade-curbing measures, without effective checks by the Congress or the courts.

Obviously, there is a need to address the concerns that have fueled anti-globalization sentiment.