Custom-made, living body parts have been 3D-printed in a significant advance for regenerative medicine, scientists say, as sections of bone, muscle and cartilage all functioned normally when implanted into animals.
The breakthrough, published in Nature Biotechnology, raises the hope of using living tissues to repair the body, BBC reported.
The team at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina developed a new technique that 3D-prints a tissue riddled with micro-channels, rather like a sponge, to allow nutrients to penetrate the tissue.
The Integrated Tissue and Organ Printing System, or ITOP, combines a bio-degradable plastic which gives the structure and a water-based gel which contains the cells and encourages them to grow.
When the structures were implanted into animals, the plastic broke down as it was replaced by a natural, structural “matrix” of proteins produced by the cells. Meanwhile, blood vessels and nerves grew into the implants.
Experts described the technology as a “goose that really does lay golden eggs”.
The idea of placing individual human cells in a precise pattern to replace a damaged jaw, missing ear or scarred heart muscle holds much promise.
But the field has been limited by the huge challenge of keeping the cells alive as they become starved of oxygen and nutrients in tissues thicker than 0.2 millimeters.
Professor Anthony Atala, the lead researcher, said tissues could now be printed on a human scale.
While the implants have the same strength as human tissues, the researchers are now waiting to see how durable they are. But Atala said 3D printing was opening new doors for medicine.
“Let’s say a patient presented with an injury to their jaw bone and there’s a segment missing. We’d bring the patient in, do the imaging and then we would take the imaging data and transfer it through our software to drive the printer to create a piece of jawbone that would fit precisely in the patient.”
Similar techniques in which the biodegradable scaffolding is built first and then soaked in cells are already being used in patients.
Prof Martin Birchall, a surgeon at University College London, said the results were “striking”.
He told the BBC, “The prospect of printing human tissues and organs for implantation has been a real one for some time, but I confess I did not expect to see such rapid progress. They have managed to create what appears to be the goose that really does lay golden eggs!”
He predicted that it would be less than a decade before surgeons start to use customized-printed organs and tissues in operations.
