Toyota has kept its title as the world's biggest automaker on Wednesday after posting global sales of 10.15 million vehicles for 2015, outpacing scandal-hit Volkswagen and US rival General Motors.
Struggling to move past a pollution-cheating scandal, Volkswagen earlier said it logged sales of 9.93 million vehicles worldwide last year, while Chevrolet and Cadillac maker GM moved 9.8 million, according to Association France Press.
In the first half of the year, the German giant was in pole position, outpacing Toyota as it rode momentum in emerging economies, but things turned sour soon after.
Then it posted its first drop in annual sales for more than a decade, as it was hammered by a massive pollution cheating scandal.
Volkswagen sank into its biggest crisis over stunning revelations in September that it had fitted 11 million of its vehicles with devices designed to dodge pollution tests.
The US government has said it was suing VW for $20 billion in civil penalties over the scandal.
Toyota broke GM's decades-long reign as the world's top automaker in 2008 but lost it three years later to the US firm, as Japan's earthquake-tsunami disaster dented production and disrupted the supply chains.
However, in 2012, it once again overtook its Detroit rival and has remained on top since, despite slowing sales in its home market where a weak economy has taken a bite out of demand.
Toyota's overall sales, which include its Daihatsu and Hino brands, edged down 0.8% from a year ago.
Rival Nissan said on Wednesday its global sales hit a calendar-year record 5.42 million units, up 2.1% from 2014.
Green Market Focus
Toyota's upbeat announcement comes despite the firm struggling to recover its reputation for safety after the recall of millions of cars around the world for various problems, including an exploding airbag crisis at supplier Takata.
At least 10 deaths globally and scores of injuries have been linked to the faulty airbags fitted in cars made by some of the world's leading auto giants.
Toyota, maker of the Camry sedan and Prius hybrid, had stopped building new plants for several years, and turned its focus to quality rather than sales volume.
The company is also overhauling its production methods, vowing to slash development costs to offset any downturn in the market and squeeze more productivity out of existing plants.
Toyota is pushing further into the fast-growing market for environmentally friendly cars, especially in China where officials are struggling to contain an air pollution crisis.
It has also released its first mass-market hydrogen fuel-cell car, the Mirai, in a bid to tap the green market.
Volkswagen's new chief executive, meanwhile, has said his firm was abandoning its ambition to become the world's biggest carmaker.
"For me, this obsession with unit sales and the ambition to constantly reach new records makes no sense," Matthias Mueller told the weekly WirtschaftsWoche in an interview published in December.
"I'm not going to declare sheer size as an end in itself."
His predecessor Martin Winterkorn had focused on VW overtaking Toyota as the world's biggest carmaker by 2018.
