Iran represents an important frontier market with significant opportunity for companies in search of growth through acquisition or capital investment.
There is potential for early movers to secure attractive projects and capitalize on a government eager to capture foreign investment and know-how at a time when domestic investment in the sector is difficult.
The mining sector’s prospects have received less publicity as compared to those in the oil and gas and industrial sectors. However, Iran has the potential to become a major player in minerals.
Reportedly, there are already around 3,000 privately-owned mining operations with most large operations being government owned and capital constrained, co-wrote Robert Nicholson and Kamran Jamshidi with the international law firm Herbert Smith Freehills.
Some fast facts:
Global position:
- Iran holds 7% of the total world’s minerals,
- It is in the top 15 most mineral rich countries globally,
- Mining represents more than 30% of the country’s non-oil exports.
Zinc:
- Iran has the world’s largest undeveloped zinc reserves, with around 5% of the world’s zinc reserves,
- Out of 300 million tons of proven zinc reserves, only 5.1 million tons have been extracted (less than 0.5% of what is available), and
- Zinc smelters operating at less than 40% of total capacity.
Copper:
- 2.6 billion tons of copper reserves, about 4% of global reserves,
- Iran is aiming to quadruple annual production to 800,000 tons by 2025,
- 19 active copper mines extracting 15 million tons per annum.
Aluminum:
- Iran aims to produce 1.5 million tons of aluminum by 2025,
- New projects could see Iran become one of the top 10 global producers.
Iron Ore:
- Ninth largest iron ore and 14th largest steel producer globally,
- Iran accounts for about 3% of global reserves, but only 1% of production,
- The country is aiming to produce 52 million tons by 2025, more than three times the 2013 levels,
- Reserves estimated at 4.5 billion tons, with over 200 ore deposits,
- Iran is targeting to more than triple steel capacity within the next 10 years.
Gold:
- Probable reserves of 12 million ounces,
- 15 operating and nine non-operating mines, but production only 100,000 ounces per annum.
Operating Environment
It is estimated that 90% of Iran’s mines and mineral deposits have some element of state-ownership. The limited local private investment that exists is predominantly through quasi-government affiliated entities.
However, the Iranian government is committed to developing foreign direct investment in the mineral sector, with focus on copper, iron ore and aluminum. It is estimated that the Iranian mining sector will need $20 billion of investment by 2025.
Foreign investment in minerals before the sanctions had come mainly from Europe, with some from Australia.
Policy and Legislative Environment
Formation and implementation of Iran’s mining policy is undertaken by the state-owned holding company Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization.
For new projects, private companies can apply to the Ministry of Industries, Mining and Trade for exploration licenses.
Once minerals are discovered, a discovery certificate is issued which can be transferred to another party or used to apply for an extraction license. Extraction licenses are issued by the Industries Ministry, which prescribes the quantity of the minerals that can be mined, with royalties being determined on a case-by-case basis (though sums are modest).
Iran has an accommodating legislative framework developed to foster foreign direct investment. The Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act introduced in 2002 enacts the following key protections for foreign investors:
- Permits investment into all areas available to local investors, together with a system for prompt direct investment approvals.
- No restrictions on the level of foreign ownership for entities and projects.
- Full rights of repatriation of capital and profits.
- Equal treatment as accorded to local investors.
- Certain protections against nationalization and government interference.
Targeting Opportunities
The Iranian government’s initial focus has been on downstream projects, where South East Asian companies are among the first movers.
The identification of upstream opportunities is more challenging. However, we see two key origination sources:
IMIDRO will likely offer opportunities for both green field and brown field projects and investments (they will need to be compelling in the current environment).
Local partnerships and joint venture arrangements will be important in unlocking local knowledge. In particular, the involvement of the quasi-government affiliated entities that have been heavily involved in mining could be useful for foreign companies.
The mining industry represents about 25% by market capitalization of Tehran Stock Exchange with a total value of approximately $30 billion, most of which have some element of government ownership.
There is a strong desire to reduce the level of government ownership for Iran’s public companies generally. Entry through some of these entities may also be attractive in due course.
